Commentary on Testing the Reality Essay Example for Free

Commentary on Testing the Reality EssayThis short but powerfully descriptive poem tells the narrative of a young man who comes to discover just how fragile the boundary between liveliness and death really is. Written in the form of a dramatic lyric, the poem highlights the moment of revelation and reflection as the man realizes his buzz off hadnt died instead she had moved on to another place. The themes of death and abandonment be clearly depicted by the poet through the use of tone, setting, rhythm, symbolism, hyperbole, alliteration and time. Through all these methods, the poet builds a sense of sorrow and feeling of utter reliance the narrator has upon his mother. It emphasizes the mans lifelong journey, from a young child learning to cypher to a fully grown man mourning the death of his 70-year-old mother. As he grows in body and matures in mind, he fills his head with knowledge and pushes at the boundaries of his world, testing it. The name Testing the Reality arises because the boy has to face the reality of life, and the deaths that occur in life.The poem takes place in a church, in a funeral set-up, with flocking birds in the sky. We understand this because of the phrase so crammed church roof and belfry. I can grok that it is a funeral because the poet relates the hibernation of the birds to a 70 year old woman. The writer in like manner illustrates a picture of a myriad of birds as he writes There mustiness have been 10,000 there or more.Even though he feels immense lone problemss and sadness after the passing on of his mother, he is not in so far ready to follow her, and must remain in reality, hence he is the last soul still unhatched. The poem begins in the first person as the poet describes his experiences as a boy. We learn that his mother taught him to count to a ragged 20 but no higher. When he was still a boy, the sheer add of birds perching on the belfry exceeded his counting abilities, cramming church roof and belfry, cross and spire.At this later stage in his life, however, it is not due to his counting skills that he cannot count but due to the sheer immeasurable quantity and their uncontrollable, free nature, unable to be caged or catalogued. Their numbers were so great that their final taking mangle blacked Beestons sky. These birds feature throughout the poem, creating a sense of activity and movement and dramatic symbolism. Here, the black sky symbolises the unfortunate and sad mood.While the flocking birds represent what the man is smell at and his memories of them as a boy, they also have a metaphorical meaning, symbolizing the life and death of his mother. The crossroad of reality and imagery appears in line six with the following alliteration picketed piercingly the passing of each day. The power of the repeated P sound reflects the sound of the birds cries. In the poets mind, each bird also represents a single day in the life of his mother. In fact, as the second stanza progresses, the bir ds only exist to measure the accumulated days in the life of the mans mother. Her attraction towards the birds is completed when they suddenly depart, taking her life with them.The shock of the mothers death is so deep that the first person used throughout the first twain stanzas is obliterated and transformed into the third person in the last stanza, the man suddenly being referred to as her son. The third stanza also dramatizes the metaphorical blend of his mother and the birds. Death becomes the wings of night, her life becomes the flocking days. Her departure from the earth is an effusion, a release, of all her physical experiences which be soaring away. So significant was she to her son that her departing life bar the light. In the final line the son becomes an unhatched egg/soul left behind in the clutch or the nest.Having come to associate the birds with his mother, his memories of her are immediately summoned whenever he sees them. She may be dead but she lives on in his memories of the birds. At first they shrilly hailed the first new light they saw, recognise the new day in what initially seems to be an irritating way because they are portrayed as having loud, high-pitched cries that are not particularly agreeable to the ears. However, after his mother dies, and they leave too, he comes to see them in a different light, after they soared away.His opinion of them has now changed and he sees them as graceful and fair creatures. This imagery also successfully implies life after death, and the setting of the poem becomes important when looked at in this light. A church is a place of smooth meditation, praying and holiness, a place where the boundaries between the physical and the spiritual, the barriers between life and death, merge. For these reasons it becomes the nest that hatches souls into the heavens.Even though the birds, and the mans mother with them, fly beyond all sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch they do not fly beyond love or memorie s, instead leaving a path for the man to follow when it is his turn to be hatched. The lesson the mother taught her son began with counting, but ended with a realization of life after death and the possibility of living, in spirit, for infinity.

Organizational Development Essay Example for Free

Organizational Development EssayJohn F. Kennedy was quoted as saying Change is the law of life, and those who look only to the past or state atomic number 18 certain to miss the future. The world is in a unalterable state of motion. No one should expect things to of all time stay the same. Organizations require technologies and human race resources in order to operate. A business needs to operate by learning from the past and planning for the future. Since, the economic collapse of 2008, the idea that any friendship is too big to fail has been thr let out the proverbial business window. Business is now practiced in a global commercialise and technologies obtain made the world a smaller nonplus. Managers and their organizations must anticipate the future and become proactive players. (Brown, D.R., 2011, part 1.) Consider companies like megahit Video.The destruction of Blockbuster proves that leadership did non look to the future. This company considered itself to be the standard. Where is Blockbuster now? Instead of being an industry leader, it is trying to regain its footing in a marketplace it once dominated. Why? Blockbuster failed to take its competitors seriously. It did non consider technology surpassing the companys own perception of practicing business. In 2002 (Blockbuster) had 8,000 stores and a market value of $3 billion. Today, movie-by-mail Netflix is worth nearly three times that much. And Blockbuster is broke. (Gandell, S., 2010, paragraph 19.) Successful companies argon looking to the future as they learn from the past and present.Organizations that are palmy willing operate without ego, effectively communicate throughout the organization, and constantly reinvent themselves. Organizations need to be in constant ontogenesis in order to move forward with any success. In this paper, I intend to define the importance of organisational development as it relates to my own companys recent changes agreement to a naked group of owners . I intend to define organisational development as it relates to organizational consecrate, a strong practitioner-client relationship, the imperative nature of the diagnostic phase, effective communication between self-will and employees, and the importance of strategy as it relates to a successful transfer of self-possession and culture to an organization.Organizations need to know when organizational development is necessary. I am a Managing Partner in the restaurant business. I ongoingly gravel around 50 employees that I am responsible for. Recently, the restaurant I am running was sold to a South African group of owners. The owners actually bought cardinal restaurants from the local restaurant group I was working for. after(prenominal) studying the Charlotte market and other markets throughout this great country of ours, the South African owners opinionated that Charlotte, NC would give them the best opportunity to grow a restaurant chain. The owners currently have over 150 restaurants in South Africa and this is their first gear venture into the join States.Once the sale became final, the owners began to evaluate all the current systems and business practices of the restaurants. The stark naked-sprung(prenominal) owners began to re-develop the organization by defining its exist and future organizational identity. The owners sat gloomy with provide and management to get an understanding of what the restaurants meant to each(prenominal) staff member. The identity will provide an advantage if it is strong aligned with the organizational strategy and well suited to the market niche, because identities tend to be socially complex and path dependent, and therefore difficult to imitate. (Salgado, S.R., 2003, scalawag 65.) The owners became the practitioners of diverseness by purchasing the restaurants.After the sale became final, it was time to develop a sense of trust from the existing staff and management. One way of gaining that trust is t o value the opinions of the current members of the organization. The new owners showed that they valued staff opinion of organizational identity. This process helped to develop the fundamental need to build a positive practitioner-client relationship. The new owners need an employee landscape that is friendly, not hostile. There is no way the new organization can move forward with a negative culture. Once trust was established, the new owners were able to begin to identify issues, problems, and opportunities each restaurant was having. The five fundamental stages of organizational development are anticipate the need for deviate, develop the practitioner-client relationship, the diagnostic phase, action plans, strategies, and techniques, and self-renewal, monitor, and stabilize. (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 18). willpower has followed the principles of organizational change and development in a rattling smart way. The new owners worked on building a strong practitioner-client relations hip while gathering information astir(predicate) the businesses. They remained genuinely approachable and worked hard to assist with the agreed upon change lists. Ownership made everyone feel as though they were not there to change what was not broken. Employees were made to feel proud almost the restaurants they worked in. By developing such a good and trusting relationship, change has come easier.Once trust was established, new willpower quickly moved to the third fundamental of organizational development, the diagnostic phase. Organizational diagnostic rides and surveys have often been demonstrated by practitioners to be very effective in supporting organizational development programs. (Goldstein, L. and Burke, W. (1991), Vol. 19, page 5.) Diagnostic models are intentional to help organizational development practitioners to categorize information about the organization, enhance understanding about organizational problems, interpret data systematically, (and) provide approp riate change strategies. (Lok, P., Crawford, J., 2000, page 108.)The practitioners have been reviewing every facet of the restaurants business practices. Ownership is constantly evaluating the effectiveness of each system. Technologies, equipment, and managerial functions are all reviewed and measured to the new standards and goals set forth by the owners. The possession designed a team approach to setting and reviewing targets, real participation by subordinates in setting goals, with an emphasis on mutually agreed upon goals, mutual trust between subordinate and manager, and a real concern for personal career goals as well as for organizational goals. (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 327.) Ownership felt that the technologies were not tied in together very well. Ownership felt that the current gathering of data was cumber approximately and inaccurate.The practitioners felt that the clients needed to stream-line the ways in which data was collected. By reviewing every program and system of accounting, the new owners were able to determine that updating would be necessary in order to move the two concepts forward. looking to future growth was not going to happen for the organization until both concepts were able to produce accurate information about the actual business. Ownership to a fault immovable that it wanted its managers out in the restaurant more.There was solely too much to do in the office while running the restaurants. The practitioners asked current upper management to clearly define the responsibilities of each manager and chef position. At this point, the culture of the new organization had begun to take shape. Clearly defined roles and a change in managerial philosophies have started to grow. I have witnessed what I believe is a very successful transformation of culture. Responsibilities are clearly communicated. Accountability has improved. By creating clearly defined roles, the effectiveness of each manager is much easier to measure.At times, howeve r, communication has been inconsistent. The massive restructuring of all current systems has taken a toll on some people in the organization. Missed deadlines and unforeseen problems have occurred. The way in which the new self-will has responded to the unforeseen issues has been impressive. I feel that new ownership has shown an unwavering amount of dedication to the new organizational vision it has set in place. Considering the amount of change, the owners have been very clear and approachable throughout the transformation. I respect and support their efforts in remaining approachable and supportive. They exude an understanding of what each existing member or employee is going through. Ownership has been very sensitive of the ego state of the organization. all interaction between people involves a transaction between their ego states. When one person converses with a second person, the first person is in a distinct ego state and can direct the message to any of the three ego st ates in the second individual. (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 230.)Ownership has made every effort to have open and complementary transactions with groups and individuals throughout the organization. At the same time, they have also shown that the organization will move forward with or without its current members. Holding people responsible has been extremely measurable. In todays changing environment, organizations that encourage individual ability and hold employees accountable for achieving goals are more likely to succeed. (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 381.) The practitioners have been able to accentuate individual strengths and weaknesses within its existing employee body.This approach has brought on a spirit of piece to the cause of the new vision presented to the old guards of the organization. This is a very clever approach to pushing change. Also, the new leaders of the organization have discovered some hidden talents within its current team-members. Finding an existing and in-pla ce pool of needed skills has helped the new leaders keep an aggressive time-line for the development of change. New owners did not have to look completely exterior the organization for skills that will enable change. Instead, new owners were able to motivate change by looking for solutions internally. Looking for hidden talents helped to reaffirm the positive culture of opportunity and renewed perceptions of the employee skillset.An internal approach to solving or rectifying identified issues has also kept the cost of change down. Existing members already have a sense of where the shared vision of the company is going. Existing staff has a greater stake in the organizations success. Because of shareowner accountability, ownership is smart to look internally for as many talents as possible. Ownership believed by stream-lining technologies and accounting systems, it could improve the quality of the guest experience and profitability of its organization. Ownership started this proce ss by surveying all existing management to try and determine what each manager actually knew about the existing programs and technologies. A methodical and measured approach to re-designing office systems will enable the organization to become more consistent in gathering data and measuring the feat of both restaurants. Theirvision of the future of the organization has been effectively shared with everyone involved. The deadlines for improvements have been followed-up effectively.A weekly meeting between ownership and upper management takes place. In these meetings, organizational effectiveness is measured by how well goals and objectives are accomplished. At first, goals were very broad and basic. Managers were asked to evaluate their knowledge of existing point of sale programs, invoicing programs, and budgetary knowledge. Once ownership felt it had acquired enough knowledge about existing systems, the project or goal chart was modifyd and tasks became more narrow and specialize d in focus. Managers were held accountable to their goals based on their strengths or expertise. For example, one manager is very adept with computers. This has become his area of focus for the remainder of the re-development of the organization. The collection of data is an important activity providing the organization and the practitioner with a repair understanding of client system problems the diagnosis. (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 19.)Ownership has been very diligent about data accuracy. Every number and system has been reviewed for accuracy and consistency. In order for the company to move forward, ownership has to determine what is and what is not vital to the new organizational vision. Ownership has already picked two new sites for additional restaurants. It is important that both restaurants operate in the same way as the business grows. This is why organizational effectiveness has to be optimized and not hap-hazard. Organizational practitioners need to assess the influence o f variables in diagnostic models on organizational expirations, and effectiveness has often been used as the primary outcome measurement. (Handy, 1985, p. 85 Burke and Litwin, 1992). The new owners have done an slight job moving the new organization through a surprising change of ownership.I have enjoyed watching how these new owners have handled the organizational development of the restaurant. Organizational change and development is certainly not easy. Leadership from the owners to the managers has to stay on personal credit line with the changes. Total commitment and a positive attitude are necessary. Negativity spreads like wildfire when redeveloping an organization. The owners have worked hard to cope and shape their environments, through the way they ready and operate their organization. The history of organizational development has to be an interesting one. As I watch these new owners re-tool both establishments, I wonder if they are victorious the same course in organi zational development that I am. The owners have to pass forward their beliefs or values as to what the restaurants should be.Things that worked before might be tossed. New things are introduced. The style of service and the menu, the technology, are all things the owners have to push forward to current and new employees. All the while, business is ongoing. The doors are open. Customers are hearing of the sale and are passionate about the changes. Some changes are subtle. Some changes are extreme. How does the ownership remain familiar to what the concept once was? The blameless process is exhausting. The publics resistance to change is fierce at times. One very popular item on the menu was discontinued when the new menu was rolled out. Granted, the menu had not changed in four years. Servers and cooks were tired of doing the same thing every day. The item that was discontinued was actually a very bland and tasteless item.Servers and cooks hated selling it. There was excitement and concern when the new ownership wanted to get rid of it. We all knew we were in for it when the new menu came out. Sure enough, customers have missed not having this item on the menu. Customers have been very vocal about this one item. Ownership feels that quality ingredients, complete preparation, and impeccable service will build sales. There is a determination that the new regime can move past this one dish and allure the fickle public that there are a lot of other good reasons to dine at our restaurants. We are doing more than trying to keep our existing clientele. We are building a new clientele.Whatever perceptions the public had of us before does not matter. It is interesting to hear the complaints about some of our changes. All the while, most of the same staff works at the restaurant. The only real changes the public see are dress codes and menu changes. Otherwise, most change is behind the scenes. Because of the enthusiastic scrutiny mistakes in service or execution of t he shift has to be perfect. We cannot afford to be less than perfect right now. Complacency has no place in the restaurant business. To be successful, we should always be looking ahead and learning from our past mistakes. We should always challenge ourselves to be better than we were yesterday. We are always training and learning. Managers should be acting as coaches and mentors to the staff. Management at all levels should not only talk the talk, they should walk the walk.However, the complaints are not always fair. The new menu is terrific. Quality and service are actually better than ever. The new owners spent a lot of money to help update and fix equipment that was vital to running the restaurant. Ownership has brought in more management and has improved the morale of the restaurant, not to mention the quality of life for all remunerated people like myself. There has been a certain camaraderie resulting from moving toward common goals with other people. There is now a belief th at we are a better place today because of our efforts. The best interventions from a values point of view are those that help clients prepare their place in the future, whether its creation or adaptation. I am sure as we move forward that we will come in to our own again. The once faithful group of regulars will either go their own way or forgive us.Organizational development is a change strategy. OD principles and techniques are experiencing a renaissance, thanks to the growth of the depicted object of change management. (Worren, N.A.M., Ruddle, K., Moore, K.,1999, paragraph 3.) Organizational development requires a change in demeanors. These behaviors, good or bad, become the organizational culture. The organizational beliefs and values start at the top of the food chain, the owners. What is important to the owner should be important to the worker in that organization. It is imperative that the owner or any organization find a way to keep his people motivated and passionate ab out his organizations products.Therefore, the leadership of any organization has to connect to develop change and organizational success. Leadership has to be viewed as the change master. An organization that wants to remain vital, must be able to deal with change. A restaurant is an excellent example of a business in a constant state of change. For some restaurants the menu can stay the same. Maybe that is what people like about the place. However, what goes on outside the restaurant can cause a need for change inside the restaurant. Roads are closed, the economy is shrinking, parking is now too difficult to bother, these are all worrisome real-life issues that any organization or restaurant might have to deal with. The restaurant cannot afford to maintain the status quo, change is simply that critical.Kurt Lewin developed the concept of force-field analytic thinking. This philosophy is deceptively simple and can be used to help plan and manage organizational change. (Cumming, T.G ., Huse, E.R. 1989, page 3.) Lewin believed that an organizational behavior was affected by the balance of two opposing forces. When these opposing forces are at odds, change happens. According to Lewin, there are driving forces and restraining forces. Driving forces affect and assist in the desired change. Restraining forces do quite the opposite.Restraining forces represent obstacles to the change. If the weights of the driving and restraining forces are relatively equal, then the organization will remain static.(Cumming, T.G., Huse, E.R. 1989, page 3.) Ownership has to remain aware of the balance of power these two forces represent for the organization. Change has to appear to always be for the good of the whole organization. People are mistrustful of change and must be made to feel a part of its success in order to help embrace the new mindset. Lewins force-field analysis works as a method of environmental scanning and as a way for creating an empowering environment to the cu lture of the organization.The new owners have done an excellent job moving the organization forward. The efforts made to gather data and technical knowledge have been diligent. The new owners have moved forward by doing their homework. After reviewing all the necessary information, ownership has been able to assimilate all the necessary funds, materials, staff and time. As the organizational development process has moved forward, it has become explicit that the owners plan on giving their newly acquired business the tools it needs to accomplish the shared vision. This, of course, has led to the owners final phase of organizational development, the support of their people. At first, ownership had to tread lightly. In the beginning, it was as if the new owners wrapped their arms around us all and said everything will be alright, just stick with us. As the new team moved forward, some upper management was asked to leave. Time has been a good indicator of the ownerships dedication to t he new vision and culture of the organization. Their efforts have been unwavering and very consistent.In this paper, I have detailed the importance of organizational development as it relates to my own companys recent sale to a new group of owners. The process of organizational development has been fascinating to watch. Although the constant evaluation of all systems and actions throughout the organization has been exhausting, I believe ownership has succeeded in redeveloping a once tired and inefficient culture. Employees and managers have felt a greater sense of purpose towards the new organization. New ownership has successfully relayed a positive sense of urgency and purpose towards its existing staff and team members. The revamping of the organizational culture has brought forth a better quality employee and better quality experience for the organizations customers.The organizational development techniques applied by the new ownership has helped to improve the profitability of both restaurants. New ownership had once touted that two additional restaurants would be opening within twelve months. Because of the success in developing organizational change, new ownership has now determined a new restaurant can be opened in only six months instead of twelve. This fast organizational growth is to be storied because it is a direct result of the diligent efforts of ownership and all staff involved after the transfer of ownership became official. Trust, a positive practitioner-client relationship, a successful diagnostic evaluation and change, effective communication between ownership and employees, and the importance of strategy has allowed this organization to become stronger and advance its number of concepts. In short, growth happens if organizational development is applied effectively.ReferencesBrown, D.R., (2011). An Experiential Approach to Organizational Development (8th ed). Upper Saddle River Pearson Prentice Hall. Retrieved from http//onlinevitalsource. com/books/9780558857257/pages/31616081. Cumming, T.G., Huse, E.F. (1989), Organizational Development and Change (4th ed.) St Paul, MN West Publishing. Retrieved from http//jeritt.msu.edu/documents/TallmanWithoutAttachment.pc. Gandell, S., 2010, How Blockbuster Failed at Failing, Time Magazine. Retrieved from http//www.time.com/magazine/article/0,9171,2022624-2,00.html. Goldstein, L. and Burke, W. (1991), Creating successful organizational change, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 19, page 5-17. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/215864273?accountid=32521 Handy, C. (1985), Understanding Organizations, Penguin, London. Retreived from http//search.proquest.com/business/docview/215864273/13901F6FOC3249E4570/1?accountid=32521 Lok, P., Crawford, J., (2000). The application of a diagnostic model and surveys in organizational development. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(2), 108-124. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/215864273?accountid=32521.) Salgado, S.R. ( 2003), Fine Restaurants Creating inimitable advantages in a competitive industry. New York University, Graduate School of Business Administration). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 161 p. retrieved from http//www.search.proquest.com/docview/305261479?accountid=32521305261479. Worren, N.A.M., Ruddle, K., Moore, K. (1999.) From organizational development to change management the emergence of a new profession. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(3), 273-286. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/236248857?accountid=32521.

Chromatography Separation of Dye Mixture

Chromatography Separation of Dye MixtureChromatography is a technique utilize to sepa reckon the components of a diverseness 1. There atomic number 18 two phases in chromatography, the stationary phase (absorbed solvent) and the mobile phase (moving solvent). The process of chromatography involves passing a mixture scatterd in a mobile phase through a stationary phase. Since from each one phase has a different distribution coefficient, the components travel at a different rate and thus get separated. The two commonly utilise techniques of chromatography ar thin layer chromatography, tender loving cargon, and towboat chromatography. Thin layer chromatography is use to determine the purity of a substance, to identify, and is used to determine solvent system for separations of mixtures. This technique is especially useful in determining optimum conditions for separating compounds by newspaper column chromatography 1. On the other hand, column chromatography is used on a much l arger scale. It is used to separate mixtures made of two or more compounds. During column chromatography, these components are separated many a(prenominal) times between the stationary phase and the mobile phase.The purpose of conducting this experiment was to determine the suitable solvents for the various components in a mixture of 11 methylene radical group blue and fluorescein dye. The two eluting solvents used in the experiment were 11214 mixture of K2SO4 CH3CN and 95% ethanol. The experiment allowed us to identify the effects of the two different solvents on the different dye mixtures. The effect can be observed from the retention factor, Rf, which is a ratio of the exceed traveled by the sample to the distance traveled by the solvent 2. Different conclusions can be drawn up from the Rf value, a high Rf value would indicate that the substance is less polar and has traveled a greater distance and a low Rf value would indicate the opposite.The two dye mixtures used in the experiment are methylene blue and fluorescein. Based on the properties of the two substances, the alternate dead reckoning that methylene blue forget have a higher retention factor compared to fluorescein can be stipulated. It can also be hypothesized that since fluorescein is more polar than methylene blue it will fragment in the more polar solvent and travel a greater distance.ResultsThe distance traveled by each dye mixture, the R- value, is shown in Table 1 and Table 2. These R- set are used to calculate the Rf values for each mixture, which are also shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The Rf values for the mixtures in 11214 K2SO4H2OCH3CN are 0.76, 0.70 and 0.75 for fluorescein, dye mixture and methylene blue respectively. The Rf values for the mixtures in 95% ethanol are 0.057, 0.32 and 0.34 for fluorescein, dye mixture and methylene blue respectively. As indicated in the tables above, some(prenominal) the eluting solvents, 11214 K2SO4H2OCH3CN and 95% ethanol separated impurity on the TLC plate. The Rf values are similar with the Rf values found by other experiments. M.B Naff and A.S Naff found the Rf values of fluorescein to be 0.85 and the Rf value of methylene blue to be 0.02, when the eluting solvent used is a ratio of 22 1 methyl ethyl ketone acetic acid isopropyl alcohol 1. Table 3 shows the elution of the fluorescein and methylene blue, with methylene blue eluting first followed by fluorescein.DiscussionThin layer chromatography was used to determine the most suitable solvent system for the separations of the mixtures. From the data ga at that placed, it was observed that both fluorescein and methylene blue traveled a further distance on the chromatogram when the solvent 11214 K2SO4 H2OCH3CN was used, as compared to the distance traveled when the solvent being used was 95% ethanol. This shows that the solvent 11214 K2SO4 H2OCH3CN is more polar than 95% ethanol since in the solvent 11214 K2SO4 H2OCH3CN both the polar dye mixtures dissolve (like attra cts/ dissolves like) and travel a further distance. The polarity of the elutent forces the compounds to the top of the place, because the compounds dissolve well and do not interact with the stationary phase.In TLC, the adsorbent (stationary phase) is thinly spread onto a flat sheet of supportive plastic.The mixture to be separated is applied onto the stationary phase about 1 cm from the bottom ofthe chromatographic sheet. The sheet is then placed into a developing sleeping accommodation containing themobile phase. The mobile phase rises up the chromatography sheet by capillary action. As themobile phase proceeds up the sheet, the components of the mixture are bear in variousdegrees by the stationary phase. The chemical composition of the stationary phase and themobile phase play a significant role in how far the components travel up the chromatographicsheet.In column chromatography, a glass column is packed with a solid stationary phase. The mixtureto be separated is applied at th e top of the column. The mobile phase descends by gravitythrough the column. The components of the mixture to be separated have different properties.The rate at which the components descend through the column depends on several factors. Thecomponent is retained by the stationary phase to a certain extent depending on the properties ofthe stationary phase and the properties of the component. The solvation power of the solvent alsoaffects the rate of elution. The rule of like dissolves like applies here. The individualcomponents, with different affinities for the stationary phase and the mobile phase, arecontinuously absorbed onto the stationary phase, solvated by the mobile phase eluting throughthe column, reabsorbed onto the stationary phase, etc. The speed at which the components travel through the column is forthwith related to the number of absorption-elution cycles that occur.Therefore a balance between the solvation power of the mobile phase and the absorption powerof the stat ionary phase determines how fast each individual component travels through thecolumn.1,2Think of a piece of wood floating down a creek. If there is a lot of grass ripening in the stream,the wood will get caught in the grass for awhile, then it will break loose and flow down the creeka terse distance, get caught in some more grass or rocks, break free again, and continue thisprocess until it has made its way down the creek. Aluminum cans will travel down the creek atdifferent judge than the wood based on the amount of time they are retained by the grass. If thereis no grass in the creek, the piece of wood and aluminum can will both reach the end of the creekWRONG From the data gathered it can also be observed that the polar dye mixture, fluorescein ascended quickly when the solvent 11214 K2SO4 H2OCH3CN was used. This is primarily because the nonionised compounds stick to the stationary phase, while polar compounds separate and travel upwards with the solvent. From the TLC plates, it is indicated that different compounds in the mixture travel at different rates polar compounds travel quickly while lesspolar compounds travel more slowly.The stationary phase was the substrate alumina which is considered to be a polar substance since the open consists of polar (OH) groups. The moving phase is the solvent system that, moves up the stationary alumina coated plate. All solvent systems will be considered non-polar relative to the silicon oxide adsorbent.Potential problems leading to yield loss- In between two sand layers some impurities were trapped and on top of alumina fluroscien dye stayed. The 95% ethanol and mixture of blue dye dripped through columns down the container and collection of this clear mixture ended when solvent was colourless. Then sodium hydroxide was used to swish out the fluorescien dye into a separate beaker which caused the purple impurities to move down the cotton. This might be due to the thin layers of sand used or unjustified solvent . However, this can be prevented by lowering the time it may take the dye to come down the column by increasing the air tweet from above (Still et al., 1978).Potential improvements to the process or problems with the experimentsHowever, this can be prevented by lowering the time it may take the dye to come down the column by increasing the air pressure from above 3.The two dyes methylene blue and sodium hydroxide were used to separate fluorescien dye with ethanol in second part, column chromatography.References(1) Naff, M.B., Naff, A.S. 1963. TLC on microscope slides An organic chemistry experiment. J.Chem. Educ.40 (10). pp 534, 535.(2) Schmidt-Tarub, H.2005. Preparative chromatography of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. kGaA, Germany. Pp131(3) Still, W.C., Kahn, M., Mitra, A., 1978. Rapid chromatographic technique for preparative separations with moderate resolution. The diary of Organic Chemistry.43(14). pp 2923-2925.(4) Poole, C.F. 2003. The essence of chromatography. Elsevier, United State of America. Pp.337(5) Heftman, E. 2004. Chromatography 6th edition fundamentals and applications of chromatography and related differential migration methods. Elsevier, Netherlands. Pp. 549.QuestionsWhat would happen if the level of the solvent in your TLC chamber was higher than the spots at the bottom of your TLC plate?If the level of the solvent in the TLC chamber was higher than the spots at the bottom of the TLC plate then the spots would dissolve away. If the level of the solvent in the TLC chamber is deeper than the baseline, then the solvent will dissolve the compounds instead of allowing them to ascend the thin layer by capillary action. If this were to occur, in the end you would not see the spots after the plate is developed.As a drawing exercise, provide the structures of the dyes used in this experiment.**Knowing what you saw in class about intermolecular interactions, circle the groups on each molecule that are apt(p) to interact with the partially acidic, surface AlOH and Si OH groups on alumina or silica in neutral solvent.FluoresceinMolecules that are liable to interact with the partially acidic, surface Al- OH and Si- OHMethylene BlueOne of the solvents used contained aqueous NaOH. This will generate AlO- and SiO- groups on alumina or silica, and these will be in competition with the solvent for interactions with the analyte. What will this solvent do to the mobility of the dyes?Although the experiment you performed used the most common chromatography techniques, there are many other types of chromatography. One technique is called ion shift chromatography, especially useful in biochemical work. Briefly describe the principle behind ion substitute chromatography and what it can accomplish.Ion exchange chromatography is a separation technique based on charges. It is used to separate ions and other charged molecules. There are two types of ion exchange chromatography, cation exchange chromato graphy and anion exchange chromatography. In cation exchange chromatography positively charged molecules are attracted to a negatively charged solid support and in anion exchange chromatography, negatively charged molecules are attracted to a positively charged solid support 4.In ion exchange chromatography the mobile phase, usually water or an organic solvent, is of low conductivity, which helps in the dressing of the molecules 4. As the compound is passed through, like charges repel and elute first and opposite charges attract and elute last. The strength of the interaction is determined by the number and perspective of the charges on the molecule and on the functional group.By increasing the salt concentration the molecules with the weakest ionic interactions start to elute from the column first 4.This type of chromatography is basically important in the separating and isolating carbohydrates. It is also important in separating small inorganic and organic ions 5.

Language The Singapore English English Language Essay

Language The capital of capital of Singapore side of meat side Language EssayThe nations which were once part of the British colony now atomic number 18 referred to as unused nations and ad pose the importance of position as a spoken communication of communication (Platt, Weber Lian19841). Any language has a dual eccentric person it is both means of communication and a carrier of culture.( Burke, Crowley Girvin2000436)Language as communication has three aspects or elements. First is the language of real life. A gentlemans gentleman community really come forwards its historical being as a community of co-operation in production. Production is co-operation, is communication, is language, is expression of a relation in the midst of human beings and it is specifically human. The second aspect is speech imitates language of real life, communication in production. The third aspect is the written sign imitates the spoken. Writing is representation of sounds with visual symbols. parley between human beings is the basis and process of evolving culture (lead to heritage). Language as communication and culture are products of each other. Communication creates culture culture is a means of communication. Language carries culture, and culture carries, particularly through orature and literature, the entire body of values by which we come to perceive ourselves and our place in the world ( Burke, Crowley Girvin2000438). natural Englishes are used as an official or second language and is the regular language of communication used by a group of mint in at least in some areas of every mean solar day activities. The primer coat of newborn English development consists of areas where education in English meant education in a language unlike the home language of the pupils or languages they may hear around them in street and markets (Platt, Weber Lian19846).Dividing English according to background three different types emerge local non-English language for wider c ommunication, local English-based pidgin language for wider communication, English-based creoles (Platt, Weber Lian19849).Singapore is an Island made of 4 million, 76.8% Chinese, 13.9% Malay, 7.9% Indian, 1.4% other races (Lim 20042).Singapore is a report derived from the two Malay speech, singa meaning Lion and pura meaning city. The Lion city or Singapore has three major ethnicities Malay, Chinese and Indian. On the other cash in ones chips it has two minor ethnicities Eurasians and Europeans. English language plays an important role in uniting these different ethnicities in Singapore (Lorenz 20064).The country has four official languages Tamil, Chinese Mandarin, English and Malay. All children in Singapore achieve basic competency and reasonable fluency in two of the four official languages, mainly English and a nonher language. Even though English of Chinese Singaporeans is very distinct from Malay Singaporeans they share similar features. For utilization, for pronunciation egg rhymes with vague yet non with peg. For syntax both Chinese and Malay Singaporeans often use will to refer to a regular event and would to express tentativeness. For lexicon, all races use borrowed words such as kiasu (afraid to lose out from Hokkien) and makan (eat, from Malay) (Deterding 20075).Singapore was established part of the British empire in 1819. At that time there were was a teentsy population of Malay farmers living in the area, the immigrants started increasing in number gradually. First, the Chinese and then followed by the Indians. The Indian immigrants were small in number and many another(prenominal) of them were teachers, this made their influence on Singapore English very distinct (Smith Forman19972).British colonization of the Lion City, was not only physical it was mental as well. Important area of domination of colonialism was mental universe of colonized the control, though culture, of how people perceived themselves and their relationship with the r eal world(Burke, Crowley Girvin2000438-439). The goal of the mental colonization was to persuade control of the language of the people. The language through which they are defined because it is the carrier of their culture (Burke, Crowley Girvin2000436-437).The introduction of English to Singapore was during the colonial period. As part of the British empire, there were changes reinforced especially related to the educational system, so as to ensure the continuity of the English language. In schools the first English teachers were native speakers, but as the colony grew and more schools were established, local English teachers were recruited from whom were educate in the colony schools (Platt, Weber Lian19843).The availability of education through English medium resulted in people oratory a whole range of different speech varieties from creole to a type close to standard English. This situation was called post-creole speech continuum. dialect between people who speak standard ized English and those of higher education unlike speech between people of no bollock education speaking creole or modified creole. Speech between people using standardized English and highly educated bottom of the inning be considered as new English (Platt, Weber Lian19848).Pidgins are simplified languages excluding the standardized features such as verb tenses, difference between subject and object pronoun. Speakers of an English-based creole were taught English in schools in some parts of the world. A creole is a speech variety that has developed from pidgin (Platt, Weber Lian19847).New Varieties of English refer to the varieties of the language spoken or written by a group of people. Criteria for New English developed through an education system, developed in area where native variety of English was not spoken language by most of population, used for range of functions among those who speak or write it in the region where it is used, has become localized or nativized (Platt, Weber Lian9842-3).Singapore English is considered natvized is due to the fact that is used widely and serves many functions. Part of the grammatical system in Singapore is the peaceful voice. informal Singapore English contains two specific passive structures, the so-called kena passive and the give passive. The give and kena- constructions are derived from the languages of Chinese and Malay respectively (Lorenz20063).Analyzing Singapore English, it can be divided into Standard Singapore English and Singlish. The Standard Singapore English is similar to the British or American Standard English. While the Singlish is a compound word formed from Singaporean and English, thus it is English-based Creole spoken colloquially in Singapore (Lorenz 20065).In colloquial Singapore English, there are four types of passive constructions. The regular passive with the auxiliary be and breed passive. It is a superstrate language with English origin. Furthermore, there are two passive- like co nstructions, the kena passive of Malay origin and the give passive of Chinese roots. These two passive constructions form the main substrate languages. These two constructions are distinctive of the Colloquial Singapore English, unlike the attain passive and the regular passive which can be found in both Standard English and Colloquial Singapore English. The following(a) example to elaborate (Lim 200497-98) jakes (was) scolded by his boss the passive auxiliary is normally be as demonstrated in this example which is identical in structure to the passive to Standard British or American English except for the copula verbs optionality.John got scolded by his boss this construction is the so-called get passive. In most cases get has no expressed animate agent, however in this example get with an animate agent (by his boss) is not unknown. Downings (19962003) research support the general view that get passives are typically agentless. She argues that the get passive construction carrie s with it additional meanings of causation and responsibility which are absent from the be-passive. In formal style, the get passive is avoided. Even in colloquial English it is much more uncommon than the passive with auxiliary be.John kena scolded by his boss an example of kena passive. The kena passive is like the English passive imagen in the first example semantically it patterns with the give passive which we can see in the next example.John give his boss scold give in this example is used as a normal verb( Lorenz 20066).Lexical innovation are visible as linguistic processes which introduce word-stock changes of a language. Common processes include affixation (feminism, ageism, heightism), compounding (callgirl, downsize, born-again), clipped forms (sitcom, cab), backformations (typewrite, burgle, stinge/stint), bl barricadeing (smog, motel, cineplex), grammatical shift (to chair, to head), common words from proper name calling (platonic, Machiavellian) and borrowing (loanwor ds). Singapore offers an example of a country where spontaneous everyday interaction among speakers of several languages over a period of time has led to lexical innovation processes. Loanwords freely enter the lexicon from all the background languages (songkok, cheongsam, sari) as well as compounds unique to the context of Singapore such as orchid dress and orchid shirt. Semantic shifts as well occur (e.g. deadline to dateline) and as well some semantic extensions (stay and live are used interchangeably to mean the same thing). These lexical items are new emergent forms some of which have been recognized and identified but not yet fully analyzed and codified (85-86).To get deeper insight of the language three English newspapers texts published from 1991 to 1994 were analyzed. The Straits Times (ST), The Business Times(BT), and The New Paper (NP). ST is morning daily close to 1 million readers, BT has small and pore readership coming from the finance and industry sectors, NP is an afternoon tabloid that caters to a wide and general readership by deliberately using less specialized footing and including more basic vocabulary items, especially those used by Singaporeans in general (86).Compounds in Singapore English are unique of cultural meanings or Singaporean concerns which it reflects. Many of the lexical innovations are found in reference to food and utensils used in preparation of food. It also refers to dress, buildings or physical landscape, and relationships. tilt head curry moreover imagine building up an apetite for tandoori chicken and finding fish head curry on your plate (89).birds nest authenticated birds nest is a delicacy too expensive to be found in most hawker centers.chili crab There Singapores gold thread heroes out away giant helpings of chili crab.Fishball Ah Liang ran a popular fishball guo tiau (kway teow) stall at Jahlan Batu.Loveletter why complain when like the feast of pineapple tarts, kuey bankit and loveletters you get eve rywhere, you get a galaxy of stars at cinema (90).UtensilsClaypot this is a traditional Chinatown recipe, of rice and meat cooked in a claypot.tiffin carrier Sogo has a delightful three-tiered tingkat (tiffin carrier) tray.Kwali crawfish out all except a couple of tablespoons of the oil from the kwali.Wok Gentle kwangs on the wok and gentle soothing cooking motions are especially useful to punctuate twists of plots and also help stimulate tear ducts (92).Dress orchid dress The designer of this creation spent two hours sketching orchids at the Bontanie Gardens before she was satisfied enough to start drawing out the dress. It was yet another attempt to redetine the orchid dress.Japanese slippers He wore a singlet and bermudas and Japanese slippers.baju kurong Baju kurong is a mustiness-wear for Malay women on Hari Raya, and the show displayed traditional as well as updated versions of the baju kurong.sarong and songkok A quick change, then dressed in sarong and songkok, members wou ld head for Friday prayers at the nearby Sultan Mosque (93).Buildings void illustrate (93) There are Cosy Corners each with a kitchen, toilet and Tv area in the void desks of four blocks for the residents to mingle.terrace apartments (96) The project comprisescondominium units, terrace apartments and a clubhouse in Johor Baru.People and relationships people bonding Spirits roused by the Singapore Cheer, the show of Singaporean solidarity was visible proof of the people bonding that heyday Minister Goh Chok Tong had spoken of in his National Day Message.confinement dish/dish Says Ng Soing Mui in her book The Chinese Pregnany and Confinement Diet.. (96).Some of the terms used in Singapore English may sometimes be misunderstood by speakers from other countries because of the Semantic shifts that occurred. For example, Australians might find the describtion of windy for homes as a negative feature in a for sale advertisement but Singaporeans consider windy as breezy and therefore a commanding feature. The term bungalow as used in Singapore is positive, and this particularly unit of dwelling is the most highly sought and priced on the property market. But in the American context, it could refer to shack or a hovel.Examples of semantic shiftsbungalow Residents of neighborhood say another vacant blue bungalow is also being used as a teen hideway.stay vs. live Failure to stay within the deficit may endanger plans to get new loans from abroad. Some of them are regular customers and some are those who live nearby who come to dispose of cans and paper (Kawaguchi, Minegishi Durand200996-97).Teachers and language educators should be well informed of the distinctions between lexical terms in standard inter interior(a) English and the innovative forms that they have taken in standard Singapore English. For example, a SSE clean is cold water, while a SBrhE bath is a hot tub. In SBrE bungalows are often located at the seaside and are popular as retirement homes for old people because they have no stairs (Brown 199938). In Singapore, the meaning of bungalow has been extended to form its original to detached dwelling not necessarily single single storey to mean a large private house.In SSE people get burned while doing goosy acts such as investing in stock markets during uncertain times, while in SBrE, It is the fingers that get burned doing similar foolhardiness (Kawaguchi, Minegishi Durand200999).Distinct developments and innovations are recognizeable on both fronts, the standard and the non-standard varieties of Singapore English because English is used both as an international lingua franca as well as a national lingua franca by Singaporeans (Kawaguchi, Minegishi Durand200999-100).The most colloquial varieties are used among friends, families, relatives and work mates. Singaporeans are aware that their many local terms and expressions used in day to day spontaneous interactions such as the ubiquitous use of pragmatic particles ( lah, hor, me h, ah, is it etc) as well as lexical items such as goondu (from the Tamil, to mean a fool), gabra (from Malay to mean, easily shaken and panicky) may make them mainly unintelligible to others from outside Singapore. They would most likely not use these lexical items with outsiders. However, they are sometimes unaware that some lexical innovations in their SSE may give rise to some miscommunication in international conversations (Kawaguchi, Minegishi Durand2009100).The distinctive cultural identity must show through the new texts, spoken as well as written, and the new writing of cultures. Singapore is multilingual and multiracial has a local educated local variety of English that is internationally intelligible , this variety has not been codified. It had been serving as an intra-nationally lingua franca for the different ethnic groups. It is used in daily social exchange processes. It gained institutional support and has been used as a medium of instruction. It carries Singapore i dentities and context in Singaporean text in English (Smith Forman1997176-177). Multilingual populations have a greater linguistic threshold and are sharper in their linguistic reflexes. Innovations mean keeping abreast not achieving purification. To pass judgment that innovation is an essential characteristic of World Englishes is to recognize its implicitly that borrowings, loan words and new collocations (grammar and phraseology) are inescapable (Smith Forman1997178).Depth, Rigidity, and Opacity form one end of the spectrum Breadth, Flexibility and Transparency form the other end. These features will ensure vital, volatile and vibrant new Englishes with unique expressions such as found in Singapore English choose, choose, choose. Choose the whole shop and then dont buy or people bonding or incense burning bins and confinement servants (Smith Forman1997179).

Key factors influencing online shopping

Key factors influencing online unwrappingThis involve is do as it is to fulfill the MKT662, Industrial Training Report for final year savant of Bachelor in Business Administration (Hons) Marketing from University Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Kota Kinabalu Campus. This instruction aims to establish preliminary assessment, evaluation and understanding of the key factors that driving or influencing consumers in Kota Kinabalu to crap through online. This study overly get out also differentiate the feature articles among public and private servants in the context of online shop besides pass on reveal the correlation between demographic characteristics towards the key factors identified. This study testament be a very useful for local anesthetic businesses to get more than info about the virtual marketplace form in Kota Kinabalu before lovely into online businesses.1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDYThe importance of the lucre as an advertising medium has generated a mussiness of attention in recent years where thither atomic number 18 a lot of businesses suck in been using the internet in their marketing activities and someways driving consumers all the way through the process and eventually persuading them to shop online (Goodwin, 1999) . submit on the adoption of internet activities by consumers has been done by more re count workers. For example study done by E-revolution (2000) Haque A. et al., (2006) and Zhou et al., (2007), these study inform generally that internet activities argon increasing over the year and expected to extend growing sphericly. Besides these study also reveals that businesses nowadays are ready enough to bring their businesses operation online. Moreover, Zhou et al., (2007) also summarized that the ability of internet users to shop online has also signifi substructuretly improved from 16% to 32% since March 2001.As in Malaysia, match to Lee (2000), the internet become a virtual places where nation share their ideas, build commun ities, shape the future democratically, and promote a new way of doing business. Moreover, the study stated that the web has become the worlds biggest shopping mall that allows local businesses to do their business with low cost involved, but yet covering global market. By looking back at the early stage of online action mechanism in Malaysia, the year 1995 was considered as the beginning of mesh age. Back to the year 2000, it is reported that only 7% of the population was registered as Internet subscribers and only 701,000 units of core number of computer sold (Lee, 2000).As the competition in e-commerce is increasing nowadays (Haque A., et al., 2006), it becomes more important for online retailers to understand consumer acceptance of online shopping activities and what performs them to do so (Zhou, et al, 2007). Supported by Goodwin, (1999), Wu., (2003) Kolsaker, et al., (2004) Khatibi, et al., (2006), examining these factors are crucial as it has been suggested that they pla y an important part in determining the success or failure of online shopping business. condescension a host of studies on online shopping, there is no specific research done on the subject matter in Kota Kinabalu which contributes to wish understanding on the keys factors that influence customer to shopping online in the area.In short, this study forget investigate the keys factors that facilitate customer from Kota Kinabalu willingness to grease ones palms online and for the purpose of this study, few factors will be identify from the literature review and however, only the to the highest degree ascendant factors will be experiment.1.3 SCOPE OF STUDYThis study will specifically examine and indentify the factors that at one time and indirectly influence consumer the most specifically in Kota Kinabalu on get decision through online. Researcher will also look into the demographic characteristic such as age, income level, profession, ethnic etc- of online users to be related t o the identified keys factors influencing customer to shopping online. The research will be using selective information gather from selected samples which will include both career individual which includes both public and private servant in order to avoid of having bias data and master(prenominal)tain prize of the data besides to cooperates with time drives.1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENTAt its core, the mission of marketing is to attract and retain customers. To accomplish this goal, a go throughed-down brick and mortar seller uses physique of marketing variables to satisfy genuine and new customers. As for online retailers, it is important for them to nourish a good understanding of the marketplace for their returns and their target customers before engaging themselves in online retailing. Previous detectives put in out that there is a rapid rise in the number of PCs as well as growth in the proportion of PCs hooked up to the internet each year which contribute to the growth in e -commerce in Malaysia (Legard, 1998). Despite the high potential of online shopping in Malaysia, however, there is no specific research done on the subject matter and its potential impact on local businesses (Kota Kinabalu area). Knowing the creation of speech memory boards to shoppers instead of shoppers to stores is not enough to be success in online businesses. Precise and deep understanding of key factors is critical to help online retailers and entrepreneurs to develop more legal and targeted online retail operations that will meet the requirements and expectations of their new online shopping customers.Therefore, this study aims to examine the key factors that influence circulating(prenominal) users of online shopping in Kota Kinabalu to shop online and in the same time assessing, evaluating and understand the characteristics of online shoppers in Kota Kinabalu.1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe objective of conducting this study includesTo identify the critical factors that would influencing customer to shop through online.To investigate the differences on the between public and private sector shopping online adoption.1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONSIn order to reach the objectives of this study, there are three (3) critical have it offs encountered. These issues are formed into questions that carry to be answered. These issues includingWhat would the factors influence customers in Kota Kinabalu to shop online?What are the main characteristics of the customers who shop online?Are there any differences between public and private sectors employees in shopping online context?By having for the answer of these questions will help the local businesses to have better understanding on characteristic of the online customer specially factors benefits that cod them bargain for point of intersections or operate through online shopping, as well as their products or services p pointences bought from online stores. In general, by having these question answered, this study wi ll reveal the trend of online shopping in Kota Kinabalu.1.7 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY1.6.1 Local BusinessesPlanning on expanding businesses is not an easy job to be done. There are a lot of parts and divisions a business have to take into account especially when a business considering to go online. Therefore, this study will help local businesses to have a better understanding on the customers emplacements, characteristics and preferences shopping online besides guiding the local businesses to utilize the existent advanced technologies in operating their business and go global.1.6.2 The ConsumersThis study chiffonier help consumers to have a better understanding on the advantages and disadvantages to shop online besides identifying a new way of shopping channel. This study also will set aside information on products and services preferred to be purchased through online store which eventually will help consumer to make online purchases.1.6.3 The AcademiciansThis study will help to enhan ce detectives to conduct more study regarding the subject matter as it is more focus on the factors that influencing customers to shop online instead of traditional way of shopping. This study will provide the academicians with new information of online shopping trend in Kota Kinabalu specifically besides helping to enhance other researcher to do in depth review pertaining on the consumers attitudes towards adopting this new shopping channel.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK2.1 LITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter, relevant literature and research related to the scope of study will be reviewed and analysed to structure this study to present research findings in succeeding chapters. The current literature on consumer online purchasing decisions has mainly concentrated on identifying the factors which influence customer to engage in online shopping in order to truly pick up what factors influence the online shopping activity adoption in Kota Kinabalu.Study done by Ma rgherio (1998) mentioned about E-commerce which cover any commercial transaction that is effected via electronic means, including such means as facsimile, telex, electronic data interchange (EDI), the Internet, and the telephone. Inter Agency Task Force on Electronic Commerce, IATFEC (1997) on the other hand define E-Commerce as All form of business transactions conducted over public and private computer networks. It is based on electronic processing and contagion of data, text, sound and video. E-Commerce includes transactions within a global Information Economy such as electronic trading of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic cash in hand transfer, electronic share trading, electronic bills of lading, commercial auctions, collaborative designs, engineering and manufacturing, online sourcing, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and after sales service. It includes both products (consumer goods, specialised medical equipment) and services (i nformation services, financial and legal services, traditional services) and new activities (virtual malls). It involves the application of multimedia technologies in the automation and redesign of transactions and workflow, aimed at increasing businesses competitivenessIn adopting the preceding(prenominal) definitions, it is involvement of face to face communication between consumers (Internet users) and companies (Internet sellers) via computer networks to facilitate any kind of commerce transaction (browsing or purchasing products or services) easier, immediate and cheaper electronically beyond traditional geographical boundary (Norazah M. S, et al., 1997) while the term online shopping according to Ton ita Perea y Monsuwe, et al., (2004) defined as the use of online stores by consumers up until the transactional stage of purchasing and logistics.Study by Shwu-Ing Wu (2003) reported that a persons buying choices are influenced by four major psychological factors motivation, per ception, learning and beliefs and attitude and through motivation, perception, and learning, attitudes are formed and consumers make decisions. Some researchers categorized influence factors into internal and external factors (Kaufman-Scarborough K, 2002 and Shwu-Ing Wu, 2003). Based on the idea, consumer purchase behavior is influenced strongly by cultural, social, individual(prenominal), and psychological characteristics (Bellman, et al., 1999). The internal factors are including beliefs and attitudes, learning, motives and needs, personality, perception, and values and the external influences upon consumer behavior includes demographic, economic, social, situational and technological factors (Shwu-Ing Wu, 2003).In Malaysia context, study on Internet users are in abundance (Ramayah and Jantan, 2003 Ismawati and Ainin, 2004). However, there have been few studies carried out to understand their online purchasing behavior for example Haque A., et al., (2006) Ainin S., et al., (2005) and Razinah H. et al., (2009). Thus, the main objective of this study is to examine the key factors that influencing online shopping in Kota Kinabalu specifically.Study done by Taylor Nelson Sofres, (2001) set up that the penetration of Malaysians shopping online, i.e. people who bought or ordered goods and services online in 2000, 1% of the total adult population in Malaysia which according to the study is corresponded to 4% of the Internet users in the country at that time. There is high demand among Malaysians Internet users conducting online shopping due to Ecommerce provide marvellous of consumers worldwide potential benefits (Ainin S., et al., 2005) and study have shown that many consumers have started to shop their desired products online (Sefton, 2000). This shows that online shopping is exceedingly accepted by the consumers (Swaminathan, et al., 1999 Rowley J., 2000 Ainin S., et al., 2005 Zhou, et al., 2007 ).Interestingly, in Malaysia context, Ainin S., et al., (200 5) found that females were the governing Internet shopper than males which contradict to the study done by Adeline Chua, et al., (2006). While according to study done in different market by Gupta et al., (1995) Haque et al., (2007) and Zhou et al., (2007) on the background of Stafford, et al., (2004) and Susskind (2004), these researchers found that man tend to make more purchases online compare to women. Zhou, et al., (2007) reported that consumer involved in online shopping are mostly university graduates, aged 35 years old and below, have full-time job, earning monthly personal income of between RM2000 RM5000 and mostly single. This supports the study done by Shwu-Ing Wu, (2003) and Ainin S., et al., (2005) on the demographic profiles of online shopper.Another issue on online shopping from the previous literature is the characteristic of products and services can be marketed online (Peterson, et al., 1997 Legard, 1998 Klein, 1998) which according to these researchers, there are two types of product and services marketed online and it is highly depends on the characteristics of the products and services to be able marketed online.We are now seeing the emergence of an important new medium for commerce (Ainin S., et al., 2005 Adeline Chua, et al., 2006 and Zhou, et al., 2007). However, in Malaysia especially, even though sales growth rate suggests that the number of online consumers is growing however most research findings do not conclusively determine which key factors that influence consumer the most to shop online ( Ramayah and Jantan, 2003 Ismawati and Ainin, 2004). Examining these factors is important as it has been suggested that they play an important part in determining the success or failure of online shopping business (Goodwin, 1999 Wu, 2003 Kolsaker, et al., 2004 Khatibi, et al., 2006).Studies have been done to investigate consumer acceptance of online shopping from the perspectives of technology acceptance whereby the perspective prescribe s that beliefs about ease of use and usefulness of a technology predict attitudes towards the technology and subsequent acceptance and use, for example by Sejin Ha and Leslie S., (2008). Bruner and Kumar, (2005) however, suggests that beliefs on trust and enjoyment are among the key factors that influencing consumer acceptance of online shopping. While Hoffman and Novak, (1996) developed more abstract concept on the relevant context for example shopping values, quality of information, system quality, enjoyment, perceived usefulness and ease of use- in order to improve predictions about purchase behavior.Factors that also influenced customer to shop online is product variety (Wolfinbarger, M. and bloody shame Gilly, 2001 Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005 Adeline Chua, et al., 2006) which categorized into good selection and wider availability of product choices offered by online stores. Online retailers are able to provide a wide range and assortments of products as compared to tradition al channels simply because there is no physical space limit on the number of products that online retailers can display on their online storefronts (Delafrooz et al., 2009). Furthermore, the number of online stores that consumers are able to visit online compared to far physical stores, thus, exceeds the number of providing them with a wider selection of products to choose from (Harn et al., 2006).A survey by Ernst and Young (2000) also reported that one of the reasons why consumers use the internet is because of good product selection. Hyo-Joo Han, et al., (2006) found that product variety and quality of product pictures were observe to more important. Indeed, easy access to an abundance of current and detailed information on products and services facilitates comparison shopping, aid in product selection and enables consumers to make more informed decisions (Adeline Chua, et al., 2006). Furthermore, the Internet users could receive more attractive sales promotional offers from Int ernet sellers and also through individual e- mail accounts (Norazah M. S. et al., 2002)Consumer willingness to spend online also influence by privacy factor whereby online consumers are unwilling to reveal personal information over the web, despite assurances given by online merchants (Wolfinbarger, Mary and Mary Gilly, 2001 Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005). To most of the consumers, the issue of security and privacy over the internet is the most overwhelming barrier facing the online shopping adoption process that caused them not to make any purchase on the Internet (Norazah et al., 2002 Janice Tsai et al., 2007). Smith, et al., (1996) outlined four dimensions of privacy concerns for organizational practices which include collection of personal information, unauthorized substitute(prenominal) use of personal information, errors in personal information, and improper access to personal information.According to Malhotra, et al., (2004), the dimensions of concern refer to the collectio n of personal information, the control over the use of personal data, and the sensory faculty of privacy practices and uses of personal information. Janes et al., 1997 reported that consumers tend to be more comfortable providing sensitive information in a realm where they can see with whom they are dealing, revisit the physical location of the business if inevitable, and thus, exert a perceived amount of control over the situation besides want to be informed that their communication and transactions will remain secured and private (Hoffman et al., 1999 Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005). Janice Tsai et al., (2007) in their study found that, people will tend to purchase from merchants that offer more privacy protection and people even willing to pay for a premium to purchase from such merchants.Kargaonkar and Smith (1986) Swaminathan, et al., (1999) Bellman, et al., (1999) Elliot and Fowell (2001) Eastin (2002), found that consumers who are primarily motivated by convenience are m ore likely to make purchases online. These authors proposed those consumers who have interface with the net and who are more time-constrained tend to buy online more frequently. According to Bellman, et al., (1999), outfit lifestyle consumers are consumers that use the internet as a routine tool to receive and send emails, to do their work, to read news, to search for information or for recreational purposes. Their routine use of the Internet for other purposes leads them to naturally use it as a shopping channels as well (Bellman, et al., 1999). Similarly, McGann (2004) also reported that the main reason why consumers shop online is because it is convenience. It is said to be the major factors that motivates consumers to shop online. Charles D., et al., (2002) also found that Internet shopping is convenient however it is neer replace actual shops.For years, information search has been one of the main marketing research topics (Kulviwat et al., 2004). Information is an important r esource for consumers shop online especially for goal-directed appearance type of consumer (Wolfinbarger, M. and Mary Gilly, 2001). According to the study, the availability of information is one of the reasons that many buyers view search and purchase online as a utilitarian activity and it is unchanging with the finding by Ainin Sulaiman et al., (2005). As noted by Bakos (1997) Internet search enables consumers to reduce imperfect information about products. The study also supported by Rha (2002) where it were stated that consumers can easily find information about other consumers experiences of products through internet.The internet is a medium to search for product specification and product prices as well. In addition to product information, price was a piece of information that was usually sought by consumers (Wolfinbarger, Mary and Mary Gilly, 2001). Brynjolfsson and Smith (1999) found that prices online are 8 to 15 percent raze than the prices for comparable products in tra ditional retail outlets. According to McGann (2004), Ainin Sulaiman et al. (2005), Adeline Chua et al., (2006), competitive prices and deals offered by online retailers are one of the dominant factors that influence consumers to shop online. Rowley (2000) reported that the Internet is the most powerful search medium for products, services, and most other types of information because it lowers both search cost and search time.Therefore, by referring to the available literature, factors that might influence customer to shop online can be conclude as general of product choices or product variety (Delhagen, 1997 Wolfinbarger, Mary and Mary Gilly, 2001 Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005 Adeline Chua, et al., 2006) enjoyment factors (Wolfinbarger, Mary and Mary Gilly, 2001 Bruner and Kumar, 2005) privacy factor (Wolfinbarger, M. and Mary Gilly, 2001 Norazah et al., 2002 Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005 Janice Tsai et al., 2007) which become one of the main concern to shop online convenience factors (Kargaonkar and Smith, 1986 Swaminathan, et al., 1999 Bellman, et al., 1999 Elliot and Fowell 2001 Eastin, 2002 subgenus Chen and Chang, 2003 McKinney, 2004) product information factor (Wolfinbarger, M. and Mary Gilly, 2001 Rha, 2002 Ainin Sulaiman et al., 2005 ) and prices factor (Margherio, 1998 Strauss and Frost, 1999 Rowley, 2000 McGann, 2004 Ainin Sulaiman et al., 2005).As stated in Delafrooz et al., (2009), consumers who value the convenience, prices and wider selection of Internet shopping tend to purchase more online and more often. Even though wider selection or product variety also mentioned as one of the major factors, for the purpose of this study, as regards to the time constraint, researcher will only focus on two most dominant factors from all the factors identified which are the convenience factor and price factors. Thus, these two (2) factors are further discussed belowCONVENIENCEBy referring to the studies done before, the main factors customer s hop online is that it is more convenient than to shop in-store which also supported in current study by Delafrooz et al., (2009). thingamabob reflects ease access of information about product, provision of in-depth information, ease of ordering product, potential for money saving, and timely delivery. (Mathieson 1991 Bruner Hensel, 1996 Turban et al., 2002 Gurvinder and Zhaobin, 2005 Hui et al., 2006). Convenience is the most prominent factor that motivates consumers to shop through the internet.In this study, convenience which refer to 24-hour availability of online storefront (time saving) and accessibility from almost any location ( slight moving) have been found to be significant explanatory factors for Internet shopping adoption (Karayanni, 2003) and also provides consumers with a powerful alternative channel for making purchases (Delafrooz et al., 2009). These factors (time saving and less moving) will be taken into account as part of convenience factor.As contradict to the studies saying that convenience is the most prominent factor that motivates consumers to shop through the internet, study done by Razinah H. et al., (2009) reported that although the net offer convenience in shopping, online shopping, assurance in payment and lots of information, some multitude of online users are still reluctant to shop online even though these group of online users have limited time allocated for shopping due to their hectic daily life. damagePrice in this study refers to the market value, or agreed exchange value, that will purchase a definite quantity, weight, or other measure of a good or service. Price of product offered online is one of the major factor that influencing customer to engage in online shopping and this supported by the finding in McGann, 2004. The idea is the simplest reason for consumers to buy through the internet is to save money from the cheaper prices offered by online retailers compared to traditional retailers. Contradict to the stud y by Brynjolfsson and Smith (1999), study by Lee (1997) and Bailey (1998) found that products are sold at higher prices in the Internet channel compared to physical channels. Clay, K. et al., (2001) reported it may be due to unseen quality variation.Rowley (2000) stated in his study that, online retailers usually are able to offer cheaper prices because of the shrinking cost of information processing, lower operating cost and global reach provided by Internet. In addition, Strauss and Frost (1999) also identified the ease of comparing price as one of the most important factors to online shopping. To some extent, according to Clay, K., et al., (2001) price of online product has positive relationship with the availability and widespread of information.Conventionally, shoppers will make comparisons and always go for the best value for price products (Ainin Sulaiman et al., 2005). Hanson (1999) reported the main reason that cheaper prices are offered to online shoppers is because of com petitive pressure, especially from new online retailers. Study by John P. and Jackie L. (2001) found that even though more than half respondents mentioned price of the product or service as the radical factor when they consider buying on the Internet, however to some extend it would cost more to buy from online store than purchasing it from physical retail store.Customer expressed concern associated with high shipping cost, high pricing, lack of opportunity to examine the product prior to purchase, confidentiality of credence card and purchased information also mentioned in the study by Razina H. et al., (2009) on the basis of study done by Goldstein and Oconner, (2000).2.2 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKBased on the existing literature connected directly to the scope of this study, there are few factors identified to have significant effect towards online shopping namely convenience, price, product variety, widespread of product information and etc. However, only two the most dominant fact ors will be the ultimate key that will used to aid and examine the key factors that influencing consumers to engage in online shopping.CONVENIENCEONLINE SHOPPINGPRICE2.3 SUMMARYBased on the review on the related literature review, researcher found few dominant factors why consumer do engage in shopping online is generally influence by the factors of feeling of convenience, product prices sold online is relatively lower than existing retail stores, the widespread of information availability and also variety of product offered online.Moreover, this study will also look into the characteristic of customer especially in price of profession, as regard to meet the objective to investigate the differences on the between public and private sector shopping online adoption.In summary, consumer purchasing behaviour through online can be examine in different model and generally, the factors that influence them to engage in online activities may be vary. However, for the purpose of this study, researcher will only look into the most significant factors convenience factors which include the time saving and less moving, and also the price factor on the basis of key factors that influencing customer to shop online in Kota Kinabalu.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 METHODOLOGYA structured questionnaire will be used to collect the necessary data. It will be designed to specific information of the respondents. It serves as primary data to answer the research questions and objectives pertaining to online shopping in Kota Kinabalu. The survey questionnaire consists of few straightforward sections, each of which contains questions which lead to answer the research question of the study. In view of time and cost constraints as well as the large population of Internet users in the country, random sampling was used to collect data from the consumer from Kota Kinabalu area. Even though the sampling method adopted might have limitations in terms of generalisibility compared to other s ampling methods it is assumed that the sample represents the whole population of consumer in Kota Kinabalu.3.2 SOURCES OF DATAThis study will be based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data will be from the structured questionnaires which will be distributed to the appropriate sample to collect necessary information regarding the subject matter. The secondary data will be gathered by reviewing web sites, business magazines, journals, publications and other relevant document related to the subject matter.3.3 INSTRUMENTSample dataThe sample in this study will be selected from different groups of people including non-executive, executive, students, and housewife in order to avoid collecting bias data.Mode of plaque of surveyFace to face and video call interview may be used in this study to gather appropriate information. This study will also be conducted by a constructed questionnaires with consumer selected as sample and all participants will be voluntarily.Nature of Qu estionnairesThe questionnaires consist of 20 questions. Both open finish and fixed-response-alternative question will be used. Fixed-response-alternative question include multiple choice and also dichotomous. The questionnaire was self-administered, where it contains simple question with detailed instructions. The questionnaires were collected back after the respondents realised them. A copy of the questionnaire is provided in the appendices.Scope of the Study300 questionnaires will be distributes by hand to the random sample of consumer in Kota Kinabalu area which will include both female and male from all groups plan.3.4 RESEARCH APPROACHA descriptive research is being proposed to perform this study. Prior literature provides with a rich foundation on which to build a research framework for the study. As suggested by previous researcher, strong theoretical and conceptual framework can be developed through an integration of constructs from different research traditions and discip lines.In this study, the literature search was based on the keywords such as Internet Shopping, Internet Marketing and Online Shopping. Each article was reviewed and screened to eliminate the articles that were not pertinent to the study.3.5 LIMITATION OF RESEARCHIn order to conduct the research, the researcher is confronted this problemtime constrainBasically, research need to be done in longer period of time, unfortunately this study might only have few months given to bed be completed. Ample of time is needed to complete this study properly. Thus researcher only focus on two factors to be examined in this study.lack of expertiseAs beginner in the marketing research, the researcher level of competency and sophistication not is compared with experienced researcher. Researcher will have to refer on several books and seek guidance

Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - The Witches and Lady Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

Influence of the Witches and Lady Macbeth The last person you would expect to encourage you to founder a crime would be your wife. Macbeth is motivated by his wife and by three Witches and gradually becomes more ruthless, evil, and murderous as the play progresses. Lady Macbeth is offset introduced in Act1 Scene 5 reading a letter receives from Macbeth describing the encounter with the Witches, and the prophecies which they given him. Lady Macbeth is very ambitious believes that Macbeth is too kind and loyal to overhear the steps needed to become king. Yet do I fear thy nature it is too full o the milk of human kindness to match the nearest way. Lady Macbeth uses the impuissancees of Macbeth to convince him to kill King Duncan she challenges his manhood When you durst do it, then you were a man. Thou esteemst the ornament of life and live a coward in thine own esteem. She tries to make him feel guilt Macbeth promised to kill Duncan he changes his mind. What beast wast, then that made break this enterprise to me In Macbeth the Witches are shown as being evil, conniving, and cruel. Here I have a pilots thumb, wreckd, as homeward he did come. The Witches play a major character in convincing Macbeth to kill Duncan. They give Macbeth and Bonquo three prophecies all hail Macbeth hail to thee, thane of Cawdor all hail, Macbeth that shalt be king hereafter thou shalt get kings, though be none. Bonquo doesnt take these prophecies seriously, but Macbeth shows some ambition for power. If chance will have me king, why, chance will crown me. Macbeth becomes more dependent to the Witches. In Act 4 scene 1 Macbeth returns to the weird sisters, demanding what the future would bring. The Witches gave him three prophecies Macbeth Macbeth Macbeth Beware Macduff, beware the thane of Fife. none of woman born shall harm Macbeth Macbeth shall never suppressd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill. As the play goes on Macbeth turns for the worse. He becomes more ruth less, evil, and murderous. After killing Duncan, Macbeth feels remorse and guilt. To know my deed, twere stovepipe not know myself. Wake Duncan with thy knocking I would thou couldst. Not being able to return to Duncans room and place the knives is a show of weakness and remorse.

Supply and Demand :: Economics Econ 101

Supply and DemandSupply and demand is defined as the relationship amongst the quantity that producers wish to sell at various prices and the quantity of a commodity that consumers wish to buy. In the functioning of an economy, supply and demand plays an important social function in the economic decisions in which a company or individual may make. The quantity of a commodity demanded depends on the price of the commodity, the prices of all opposite commodities, the incomes of the consumers as well as the consumers taste. The quantity of a commodity supplied depends on the price usable for the commodity as well the price obtainable for substitute goods, the techniques of production, the cost of labor and other factors of production. It is supply and demand that causes a market to reach equilibrium. If buyers wish to purchase more of a commodity than that of which is available at a given price, then the price bequeath to tend to rise. If they wish to purchase less of a commodity than that of which is available, then the price will tend to drop. Consequently, the price will reach equilibrium at which the quantity demanded is just equal to the quantity supplied. The resources needed to supply commodities often tend to be scarce so that there is always competition. The term invisible hand is the natural force that guides the market to this competition for scarce resources. Without the invisible hand conjecture then there would be no competition for resources thus creating a market where prices would be determined almost free of debate. There would be no market to determine set prices for any type of commodity. Therefore, many companies and individuals would lose out on